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What Percentage of Male Babies Are Circumcised in the United States

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Overview of international circumcision rates

Map of countries based on circumcision prevalence, based on a 2007 World Health Organization report

 >80% prevalence

 20–80% prevalence

 <xx% prevalence

 N/A

The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who take been circumcised. Today, circumcision is predominately performed as a condom wellness intervention, religious obligation, or cultural do. As of 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision is estimated to be around 38%; major medical organizations such as the World Health Arrangement and UNAIDS accept promoted a higher charge per unit of circumcision in countries as a prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS and STD transmission.[one]

Rates vary widely, from over 90% in State of israel and many Muslim-majority countries, 86.3% in Republic of korea, to eighty% in the Us, to 58% in Australia, to 45% in Southward Africa, to 20.7% in the United Kingdom, to nether 1% in Japan and Honduras.[two] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [nine] [ten] In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was estimated to be effectually 38%, with notable increases of circumcision prevalence seen in the The states, the Middle East; and Africa; major medical organizations take promoted a higher charge per unit of circumcision in Africa as a preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2020, the Earth Health Organization reiterated that it is an efficacious prophylactic intervention in if carried out past medical professionals under rubber weather condition in areas of high HIV/AIDS prevalence.[1] [9] [11] [12] [xiii] [xiv] [15]

Even though mainstream Christian denominations does non require male circumcision,[16] male circumcision is commonly good in many predominantly Christian countries and among many Christian communities.[17] [18] [xix] [xx] Circumcision is nearly universal among the members of the Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches.[21] The prevalence of circumcision is approximately l-fifty in the United States[22] due to support from the country's medical customs as a prophylactic health intervention against disease.[fourteen] The continent of Africa, similarly, has widely adopted the practice as a preventive measure against the spread of HIV. While it has overwhelming prevalence in the Muslim world and in State of israel due to the religious behavior of nigh Muslims and Jews; however, some non-Muslim groups living inside Muslim-majority countries, such equally Armenians and Assyrians, do not exercise information technology.[23] It is prevalent in some Muslim-bulk countries in southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia; however, the WHO states that there is "little non-religious circumcision in Asia, with the exceptions of the South korea and the Philippines".[six] In parts of Africa it is often good as part of tribal customs from Christians, Muslims and Animists. In contrast, rates are much lower in nigh of Europe, parts of southern Africa, near of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Fundamental America, the Caribbean and Mexico.[24] Australia, Canada, Republic of ireland, New Zealand and the United kingdom are examples of countries that take seen a turn down in male circumcision in contempo decades, while in that location accept been indications of increasing demand in southern Africa, partly for preventive reasons due to the HIV epidemic at that place.[11]

Africa [edit]

Studies advise that nearly 62% of African males are circumcised. Withal, the rate varies widely between different regions, and among indigenous and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practising information technology for religious reasons, central Africans as role of tribal rituals or local custom, (with some practising female person genital mutilation equally well) and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the South recently adopting the do due to measures by the World Wellness Organisation to prevent AIDS.[25] Williams, B.One thousand. et al. commented that: "Nigh of the currently bachelor information on the prevalence of [male circumcision] are several decades old, while several of the recent studies were carried out equally adjuncts to demographic and health surveys and were not designed to make up one's mind the prevalence of male circumcision."[26]

Less than twenty% [edit]

Botswana, Rwanda, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.[8] [28]

Between twenty% and eighty% [edit]

Angola, Burundi, Key African Republic, Chad, Congo (Rep), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Due south Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.[eight] [28]

South Africa [edit]

Information technology is estimated that 48.seven% of males are circumcised in South Africa.[8] One national study reported that 54.2% of black Africans were circumcised, with 32.ane% of those traditionally circumcised and 13.4% circumcised for medical reasons.[29]

More than than 80% [edit]

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo (Dem Rep), Cote d'Ivoire, Republic of djibouti, Equatorial guinea, Eritrea, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Republic of guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Republic of kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo.[eight] [28]

Americas [edit]

Less than 20% [edit]

Less than 20% of the population are circumcised in Argentine republic, Belize, Republic of bolivia, Brazil, Republic of chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republic of cuba, Dominican Democracy, El Salvador, Republic of ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9% in Republic of colombia, and 7.4% in Brazil (13% in Rio de Janeiro), with most of those being done due to medical issues later on in life.[30]

The prevalence of circumcision in Mexico is estimated to be x% to 31%.[31]

Betwixt 20% and 80% [edit]

Canada [edit]

Rate of neonatal circumcision by province according to data from the Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) in 2006–2007.[32]

Circumcision in Canada followed the blueprint of other English speaking countries, with the practice being adopted during the 1900s, to prevent masturbation and other perceived issues of the fourth dimension, but with the rate of circumcision failing in the latter office of the 20th century, particularly later a new policy position was released in 1975.[33] The Canadian Paediatric Society estimated that, in 1970, 48 per centum of males were circumcised.[34] Even so, studies conducted in 1977–1978 revealed a wide variation in the incidence of circumcision betwixt dissimilar provinces and territories. For example, Yukon reported a rate of 74.eight per centum, while Newfoundland reported an incidence of 1.9 to ii.4 percent.[35] The rate connected to drop, with the newborn circumcision charge per unit in Ontario in 1994–95 dropping to 29.nine%.[36]

A survey of Canadian maternity practices conducted in 2006/2007, and published in 2009 past the national public health agency, institute a newborn circumcision rate of 31.nine%.[32] Rates varied markedly beyond the country, from shut to nothing in Newfoundland and Labrador to 44.iii% in Alberta. In 2015, the Canadian Paediatric Society used those statistics in determining the national circumcision rate it currently quotes.[32] [37]

Pct of mothers reporting having their male baby circumcised, by province and territory, Canada, 2006/2007
Newfoundland and Labrador *
Prince Edward Island 39.2
Nova Scotia 6.8
New Brunswick 18.0
Quebec 12.3
Ontario 43.7
Manitoba 31.half dozen
Saskatchewan 35.half dozen
Alberta 44.3
British Columbia 30.2
Yukon *
Northwest Territories ix.seven
Nunavut *
Canada 31.9
* Numerator too small for rate calculation
Source:  Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey[32]

The data in this table are at present 15-years-old. The long term trend in Canada is toward less circumcision. The data may no longer be accurate.

Over 80% [edit]

United States [edit]

As of 2014, an estimated 80.v% of American men are circumcised, and the prevalence of the process is considered to be near-universal in the state.[nine] [38] In reaction to a 2012 statement by the American University of Pediatrics (AAP) and a 2014 argument by the Centers of Illness Control and Prevention (CDC), the incidence and prevalence of the procedure is believed to increased growing.[fourteen] The CDC has calculated the nowadays rate of circumcision in the U.s. to be 81%; Morris et al. found a somewhat lower present incidence of 77% in 2010. During the 2000s, the prevalence of circumcision in men aged 14–59 differed by race: 91 percentage of non-Hispanic white men, 76 percent of black men, and 44 percent of Hispanic men were circumcised, co-ordinate to data in Mayo Clinic Proceedings.[nine]

Medicaid funding for babe circumcision used to exist bachelor in every land, only starting with California in 1982, 18 states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, N Carolina, Due north Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington) had eliminated Medicaid coverage of routine circumcision past July 2011.[39] One report in the Midwest of the U.S. found that this had no effect on the newborn circumcision charge per unit merely information technology did affect the demand for circumcision at a later time.[40] Another study, published in early 2009, found a difference in the neonatal male person circumcision rate of 24% between states with and without Medicaid coverage. The study was controlled for other factors such as the percentage of Hispanic patients.[41] Other studies accept shown that the ascent of immigrants from East Asia, Southeast Asian, South asia and Hispanic Due south American countries are a large factor in why the rates continue to drop in the US.[42]

The Centers For Disease Command and Prevention (CDC) uses two data sources to track circumcision rates. The first is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which records circumcisions performed at whatsoever time at whatever location. The second is the National Infirmary Discharge Survey (NHDS), which does not record circumcisions performed outside the hospital setting or those performed at whatever historic period following discharge from the birth hospitalization.[43] Methodologically flawed calculations throughout the 2000s and 2010s showed the charge per unit every bit significantly plummeting, but these statistics are almost universally believed to be artificially low by researchers due to an increasing trend of performing neonatal circumcisions outside of hospitals, a trend non reflected in the data.[44]

Circumcision was the second-most common procedure performed on patients under one yr of historic period, later on routine inoculations and prophylactic vaccinations.[45] There are various explanations for why the baby circumcision rate in the U.s.a. is different from comparable countries. Many parents' decisions virtually circumcision are preconceived, which may contribute to the loftier charge per unit of elective circumcision.[46] Brownish & Brown (1987) reported the most correlated gene is whether the male parent is circumcised.[47] Jacobson et al. (2021), citing the KIDS database, reported that the incidence of newborn circumcision was 52.ane percent in 2016.[48]

Asia [edit]

Less than twenty% [edit]

Bhutan, Burma, China, Kingdom of cambodia, Hong Kong,[49] India, Japan, Lao people's democratic republic, Mongolia, Nepal, North korea, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Cambodia is reported to exist 3.5%.[thirty]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in China is reported to be 14%.[eight]

Betwixt 20% and 80% [edit]

Republic of indonesia, Republic of kazakhstan, Malaysia, and Southward Korea.[fifty]

South korea [edit]

Circumcision is largely a modernistic-twenty-four hour period phenomenon in S Korea. While during the twentieth century the rate of circumcision increased to around eighty%, virtually no circumcision was performed prior to 1945, as information technology was against Korea's long and stiff tradition of preserving the body every bit a gift from parents.[l] [ better source needed ] A 2001 written report of 20-yr-erstwhile S Korean men found that 78% were circumcised.[51] At the fourth dimension, the authors commented that "Republic of korea has possibly the largest absolute number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. Considering circumcision started through contact with the American war machine during the Korean War, Due south Korea has an unusual history of circumcision." According to a 2002 study, 86.3% of Due south Korean males anile 14–29 were circumcised.[3] In 2012, it's the case of 75.8% of the aforementioned age group. Only subsequently 1999 has some information against circumcision become available (at the time of the 2012 written report, simply iii% of Korean net sites, using the most popular Korean search engine Naver, were against indiscriminate circumcision and 97% were for).[50] The authors of the study speculate "that the very existence of data about the history of Korean circumcision, its contrary nature relative to a longstanding tradition, its introduction by the US military, etc., has been extremely influential on the decision-making process regarding circumcision."[l]

More than than lxxx% [edit]

Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, Azerbaijan, People's republic of bangladesh,[viii] Bahrain, Brunei, Islamic republic of iran, Iraq, Israel,[52] Islamic republic of pakistan,[8] Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, the Philippines,[30] Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian arab republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates and Republic of yemen.[27]

The overall prevalence of circumcision (tuli) in the Philippines is reported to be 92.5%. Most circumcisions in the Philippines are performed between the ages of 11 to xiii.[53] [54]

Europe [edit]

Less than xx% [edit]

Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Kingdom of belgium, Bulgaria, Republic of croatia, Czech republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,[55] Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italia, Latvia, Republic of lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Kingdom of the netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Kingdom of spain, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,[27] and the United Kingdom.[56]

A national survey on sexual attitudes in 2000 found that 15.8% of men or boys in the Britain (ages 16–44) were circumcised by their parents' choosing. 11.7% of xvi- to 19-twelvemonth-olds, and xix.half dozen% of forty- to 44-year-olds said they had been circumcised. Autonomously from black Caribbeans, men built-in overseas were more likely to exist circumcised.[56] Rickwood et al. reported that the proportion of English boys circumcised for medical reasons had fallen from 35% in the early 1930s to vi.5% by the mid-1980s. As of 2000[update] an estimated 3.viii% of male children in the Britain were being circumcised for medical reasons by the age of fifteen.[57] The researchers stated that too many boys, especially nether the age of 5, were even so beingness circumcised because of a misdiagnosis of phimosis. They called for a target to reduce the percent to two%.

In Finland, the overall prevalence of circumcision is 2–4%, co-ordinate to a recent publication by the Finnish Health Ministry.[58]

In Federal republic of germany, the High german Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents found in 2007 that 10.9% of boys anile 0–17 had been circumcised.[55]

In France, according to a telephone survey (TNS Sofres Institute, 2008), 14% of men are circumcised.[59]

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Espana is reported to be vi.six%.[eight]

In 1986, 511 out of approximately 478,000 Danish boys aged 0–14 years were circumcised. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of effectually 1.6% by the age of fifteen years.[threescore]

In Slovenia, a 1999-2001 national probability sample of the general population aged xviii–49 years plant that overall, 4.5% of Slovene male citizens reported being circumcised. Prevalence strongly varied across religious groups, with 92.iv% of Muslims beingness circumcised, one.vii% of Roman Catholics, 0% of other religious affiliations (Evangelic, Serbian Orthodox, other), and 7.1% of those with no religious amalgamation.[61]

Between 20% and 80% [edit]

Circumcision rate past region in Republic of albania for males anile 15-49, 2017-2018.

Albania, Kosovo, North Republic of macedonia, and Bosnia and herzegovina.[27]

In Albania during the years 2008–09 the percent of men historic period 15–49 who reported having been circumcised was 47.7%.[62] In the years 2017–xviii the circumcision rate in Albania had declined to 36.8%.In Bosnia-Herzegovina the circumision charge per unit is 58.7% by 2018.[63]

Over eighty% [edit]

Turkey, 98.six%.[8]

Unknown [edit]

Andorra, Croatia and Grand duchy of luxembourg are listed as unknown on the WHO prevalence map. Liechtenstein, Republic of malta, Monaco, San Marino and The holy see are unclear from the map.[27]

Oceania [edit]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Circumcision reached its peak in Australia in the 1950s with a charge per unit of more than than 80%, merely has steadily fallen to an estimated 26% in 2012. The charge per unit of circumcision has dropped chop-chop over the years. Information technology is estimated that roughly 80 percentage of males 35 and under are uncircumcised. Circumcision rates take declined drastically in recent years as young fathers are starting to take children of their own and leaving them uncircumcised.[64]

The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males anile 16–64 that uses a nationally representative population sample.[65] In 2005 the interview institute that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58%. Circumcision status was more than common with males over thirty than males under thirty, and more common with males who were born in Australia. 66% of males born in Australia were circumcised and less than ane/three of males under xxx were circumcised.[2] There has been a decline in the charge per unit of infant circumcision in Australia.[six] [66] The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) estimated in 2010 that 10 to twenty percent of newborn boys are being circumcised,[67] only the prevalence of male person circumcision is much college due to the presence of older circumcised males remaining in the population.[68] Medicare Commonwealth of australia records testify the number of males younger than six months that underwent circumcision dropped from 19,663 in 2007/08 to 6309 (four%) in 2016/17.[69]

New Zealand [edit]

According to the Earth Health Organisation, fewer than 20% of males are circumcised in New Zealand in 2007.[6] In New Zealand routine circumcision for which there is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital organization.[70] In a study of men born in 1972–1973 in Dunedin, twoscore.2% were circumcised.[71] In a study of men built-in in 1977 in Christchurch, 26.1% were circumcised.[72] A 1991 survey conducted in Waikato found that 7% of male infants were circumcised.[73]

Pacific Islands [edit]

Circumcision for cultural reasons is routine in Pacific Island countries.[70]

Run across also [edit]

  • Male circumcision
  • Genital modification
  • Prevalence of female person genital mutilation
  • Circumcision and law

References [edit]

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  16. ^ Southward. Ellwood, Robert (2008). The Encyclopedia of Globe Religions. Infobase Publishing. p. 95. ISBN9781438110387. It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Cosmic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the concluding half of the 19th century, even so, circumcision as well became common amid Christians in Europe and especially in Due north America.
  17. ^ Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. Academy of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. ISBN9780812292510. Christian theology generally interprets male person circumcision to be an Old Testament dominion that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (particularly the U.s. and Sub-Saharan Africa, but non and then much in Europe) it is widely skillful among Christians
  18. ^ Hunting, Katherine (2012). Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 23-24. ISBN9781449648756. Neonatal circumcision is the full general practice amid Jews, Christians, and many, merely not all Muslims.
  19. ^ R. Wylie, Kevan (2015). ABC of Sexual Health. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101. ISBN9781118665695. Although information technology is generally common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such every bit the United states also do it ordinarily.
  20. ^ R. Peteet, John (2017). Spirituality and Organized religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Show to Exercise. Oxford Academy Press. p. 97-101. ISBN9780190272432. male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also loftier today in the Philippines and the The states.
  21. ^ N. Stearns, Peter (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Globe. Oxford Academy Printing. p. 179. ISBN9780195176322. Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, S and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.
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